The Bank of Japan's outgoing governor on Tuesday acknowledged he failed to end the country's long-running deflation
over a "turbulent" tenure, but pointed to better times ahead as he steps down from the post.
Masaaki Shirakawa, 63, leaves the job about three weeks before the official end of his term after sparring with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe over policies aimed at stoking the world's third-largest economy.
Abe pressured BoJ policymakers for aggressive easing and other measures to stoke growth, while the central bank has also faced criticism from incoming Governor Haruhiko Kuroda, who himself has pledged to reverse years of falling prices that crimped private spending and corporate investment.
Shirakawa's tenure faced one crisis after another, including the 2008 collapse of Lehman Brothers that sent the world economy into a tailspin, and the eurozone debt crisis that helped push up the value of the safe-haven yen, hurting Japan's exporters.
The country was also hammered by the earthquake-tsunami and subsequent nuclear crises in 2011, damaging Japan's manufacturers.
"The Japanese economy experienced serious downturns due to a number of significant events, including the Lehman shock, the European debt crisis and the (quake-tsunami)," he told a parliamentary committee on Tuesday.
"Despite our utmost efforts, unfortunately we have yet to bring the economy back to a path of sustained recovery with stable prices," he added.
Shirakawa said that a "proactive" government approach to economic growth would help turn around Japan's fortunes, and pointed to a cautious recovery in the US and China.
"I believe the Japanese economy will be revived again," he said.
Shirakawa's appointment in 2008 was sparked by a crisis that saw a deeply divided parliament unable to agree on a BoJ governor, leaving the post vacant for weeks with the job ultimately given to the soft-spoken deputy governor.
Japan's revolving-door political system saw Shirakawa run the BoJ under five different prime ministers.
Despite criticism that he was too cautious on battling deflation, Shirakawa was credited with keeping Japan's financial system relatively stable through 2008 and 2009 when the international banking system came to a near collapse.
"It was a turbulent five years," Shirakawa said Tuesday.
Shirakawa repeated warnings that easing would not fix Japan's problems without further de-regulation and economic reform, adding that Tokyo must chip away at its massive debt, proportionally the worst in the industrialised world at more than twice the size of the economy.
"If you review Japan's situation, you must take a broad range of measures to increase its competitiveness and growth potential," he said.
On the question of his legacy, Shirakawa said it was "up to you and historians" to judge his term.
